Performance Improvement of CETP’s in Gujarat

Pratik Patel,Dr. S. A. Pauranik

Special Issue Azeotrope'14 - Volume: I , Issue: II

Publication Year: 2014 , Page(s): 1-4

 

Abstract: The water used for industrial processes is polluted byvarious activities carried out in process plants. This hazardous wastewater can’t be discharged directly on ground or in water bodies.Common effluent treatment plant is the concept of treating theeffluent by means of collective effort mainly for a cluster of smallscale industrial units. Low cost and nonconventional adsorbents likeactivated carbon, lignite, neem leaves are used as adsorbents forremoving COD of industrial waste water. In CETP the waste watertreatment is carried out in three stages primary, secondary and ternarytreatment. The treatment is carried out in sequence: pH adjustment,biological treatment and adsorption. The study aims at demonstratingthe adsorption as first stage of treatment increases the efficiency ofbiological treatment. Experiments are carried out on different wastewater samples from CETP and observing the effect of quantity andcontact time of adsorption for adsorbent like activated carbon, lignite.The result of COD reduction is fitted in to the different modelsavailable in the literature.

 

Keywords: BOD, COD, CETP, Biological Treatment, Adsorbent,Effluent Treatment.

 

 

 

 

             

 

Recovery of Solvent for the Process of Di Methyl Amino Iso Propyl chloride Hydrochloride

Sagar V. Modi,Prof. B. H. Shah.

Special Issue Azeotrope'14 - Volume: I , Issue: II

Publication Year: 2014 , Page(s): 5-6

 

Abstract: The Manufacturing Process of DMIPC-HCl (Di Methyl Amino IsoPropylchloride Hydro chloride) is carried out mainly by addition of Thionyl Chloride, Di- Methyl Amino 2-Propanal and Ethylene Di Chloride .This process produces large quantity of EDC (Ethylene Di-Chloride) which is valuable Solvent .The focus of the study is to modify, intensify and develop an energy efficient process for recovery of solvent by condenser design which will benefit the Pharma manufacturing units in Gujarat.

 

Keywords: Di Methyl Amino IsoPropylchloride Hydro chloride, Ethylene Di-Chloride, Condenser.

 

 

 

Solar Adsorption Refrigeration

Malav Khatri, Prof. N.M.Patel

Special Issue Azeotrope'14 - Volume: I , Issue: II

Publication Year: 2014 , Page(s): 7-10

 

Abstract: Mechanical cooling in form of refrigeration or air conditioning requires a large amount of electrical energy which is a indirect cause of global warming and conventional fuel depletion. Even the refrigerant used, are cause of Ozone layer depletion. Thus a need to find an alternative to these problems led us to solar energy which can be used in two ways, either solar absorption refrigeration or solar adsorption refrigeration. Solar absorption refrigeration systems are already commercially available while adsorption based systems are still in research and development. Progress and development of adsorption based system are described in this paper. Further a prototype with silica gel – water pair is discussed in detail.

 

Keywords: Refrigeration, Air-conditioning, Solar energy, Adsorption, silica gel - water.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Supercritical Extraction of fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum Graceum L) seeds using CO2 as a solvent

Snehal R. Banker,Prof. N.R.Vaghela

Special Issue Azeotrope'14 - Volume: I , Issue: II

Publication Year: 2014 , Page(s): 11-13

 

Abstract: Since last 21st century, the role of chemical engineering is to introduce and promote innovative techniques. Supercritical extraction is one of the advance processes used compared to that of Soxhlet extraction. The main goal of the research is to find the different parameters used to find out the maximum yield of oil and the conditions at which oil is extracted. Different parameters such as pressure in range of 4200 Psi and 4500 Psi, and temperature in range of 50˚C, 45˚C, 41˚C, 35˚C and having 2 hours time duration. The best conditions to extract fenugreek seeds oil by using supercritical extraction by CO2 as a solvent is 45˚C temperature, 4200 Psi pressure and 2 hours as time duration. The maximum yield of oil obtained through experimental basis is 3.2293% extracted yield of oil. Application of fenugreek seeds oil is also mentioned and the pharmaceutical uses are explained.

 

Keywords: SCFE-CO2, Fenugreek seeds, Trigonella Foenum Graceum L.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Process Design of Sodium Sulphate Crystallizerwith Material Balance and Energy Balance

Dilip B. Kukadiya, Prof. C. G. Bhagchandani

Special Issue Azeotrope'14 - Volume: I , Issue: II

Publication Year: 2014 , Page(s): 14-16

 

Abstract: In the industrial crystallization;Sodium Sulphate crystallizers are most often used. The applications of Sodium Sulphate are widely used at dying industry as cathartic and in solar systems. Sodium Sulphate is the bi-product of most of the companies. The reason is high acidity level in generated effluent. This is the very best option and it has its own cost. People were using Oslo type crystallizer before and then atmospheric centrifuge crystallizer, now adiabatic vacuum is very cost effective and high performance giving crystallizer. It is combination of a crystallizer, a condenser and an ejector. At the outlet of crystallizer we get Glauber salt, a hydrated form of sodium sulphate salt. But after centrifuge and drying we can get pure dehydrated Sodium Sulphate. In this study of Sodium Sulphate crystallizer, Material balance and Energy balance is very important to get process design data. The paper discusses in detail material and energy balances and thereby designs aspects for Sodium Sulphatecrystallizer.

 

Keywords: Adiabatic vacuum crystallizer, Sodium Sulphate, Glauber’s salt, Decahydrated product, Recovery from feed, Ejector.

 

 

 

 

 

Alternative Route for Synthesis of Urea-Formaldehyde Resin & Its Kinetic Study

Mitul J. Parikh,Prof.S.B.Thakore

Special Issue Azeotrope'14 - Volume: I , Issue: II

Publication Year: 2014 , Page(s): 17-20

 

Abstract: Urea-formaldehyde resin is a clear thermosetting syntheticresin used in various ways as textiles, adhesives, surface-coatings,molding resins, laminating resins. It is made by condensing urea withformaldehyde in presence of a catalyst under controlled conditions ofheat; pH and molar ratios. Urea formaldehyde resin is in class ofstrong, odorless, colorless, water soluble and transparent type resins.Conventional urea-formaldehyde resin production is done by usingacid catalyst. In this paper a new route for production of ureaformaldehyderesin by using ion exchange resin has been suggestedand its kinetic study has been developed. A lab scale production ofurea formaldehyde resin has been carried out. Comparison of bothprocesses shows that percentage free formaldehyde present in theproduct is quite less by using ion exchange resin due to which odorproblem is greatly reduced. Formaldehyde affects people in variousways. When present in the air at levels at or above 0.1 ppm, acutehealth effects can occur including watery eyes; burning sensations inthe eyes, nose and throat; nausea; coughing; chest tightness;wheezing; skin rashes; and other irritating effects. Formaldehyde hascaused cancer in laboratory animals and may cause cancer in humans;there is no known threshold level below which there is no threat ofcancer. The risk depends upon amount and duration of exposure. Thenew route suggested for the manufacture of urea formaldehyde willnot only reduce the hazardous effects of formaldehyde but will alsoimprove the product quality.Keywords: Urea-formaldehyde Resin, Catalyst, Resin, kinetics,amino resins, Ion exchange Resin.

 

 

 

 

 

Removal of Color and Cod Reduction from Pulp and Paper Industry Effluent

 

Bhagwat Pooja V.,Digvijaysinh D. Thakor,Prof. Khyati K. Modi

Special Issue Azeotrope'14 - Volume: I , Issue: II

Publication Year: 2014 , Page(s): 21-27

 

Abstract: Pulp and paper mills are generating millions of tons of wastewater and are major source of water pollution. In this research work, pulping wastes have been characterized and found to contain very high COD, TSS and COLOR. Coagulation-flocculation process was performed to find out the performance of different coagulants and flocculants like: aluminium chloride, poly aluminium chloride and copper sulphate. The initial pH of the effluent (Coagulation pH) has tremendous effect on COD and colour removal. Poly aluminium chloride (PAC) as coagulant reduced COD to 84 % and 92 % of colour was removed at an optimum pH 5 and coagulant dose of 8 ml l-1. With aluminium chloride at an optimum pH=4 and coagulant dose of 5 g l-1, 74 % COD and 86 % colour removal were observed. The results using copper sulphate as coagulant (a less commercial coagulant) were encouraging. At an optimum pH 6 and mass loading of 5 g l-1, 76 % COD reduction and 78 % colour reduction were obtained. It was also observed that after addition of coagulant, the pH of the effluent decreases. The decrease in pH was highest for AlCl3, which was followed by PAC and CuSO4. Significant amount of COD reductions was obtained by coagulation process. Since the coagulation process is the first stage for treatment of effluent and some of the coagulant cations usually remain in the treated effluents. Thus, cation like copper may be one of the good catalysts for second stage of treatment process like wet oxidation. The copper has been found to be good oxidation catalyst then iron and aluminum. Keywords: Pulp and paper mill effluent, Wastewater treatment, and Aluminium based coagulants, Coagulation, Copper, and PAC.

 

 

 

 

 

Silver Recovery from Waste X-Ray Films

 

Shah Sanket M.,Pathan Mohmed Ashraf M.,Patel Sahejad Ayyub,Prof. Rana Alpesh S.

 

Special Issue Azeotrope'14 - Volume: I , Issue: II

Publication Year: 2014 , Page(s): 28-30

 

Abstract: Silver is one of the precious and noble metals, used in large quantities for many purpose. Recovery of silver from photographic film is beneficial. Compared to other photographic films, x-ray photo film contains a great deal of silver about 1.5 - 2% by weight. Various methods for recovery of silver from x-ray is compared from which electrolysis method are used and % of recovery is reported.

 

Keywords: silver recovery, electrolysis

 

 

 

 

 

 

A Review: Energy efficient & Economic separation of binary liquid mixture Via Freeze crystallization.

 

Komal D. Ajabiya,Beena K. Sheth

Special Issue Azeotrope'14 - Volume: I , Issue: II

Publication Year: 2014 , Page(s): 31-34

 

 

Abstract: Freeze crystallization is a highly energy efficient separation process that can be applied to a wide variety of industrial requirements. Although the vapor-liquid equilibrium is generally employed to separate the components of a solution, use of solid-liquid equilibrium should be considered as well, it may be cheaper. Eutectic freeze crystallization can potentially be used in any application. This paper describes that fractionation of components of a solution by freeze crystallization can be more energy efficient than other conventional processes. Energy consumption in fractionating solution by distillation and evaporation can be reduced by 70 to 90% by using freeze crystallization process and thereby reduces operating cost and becomes economical viable. This also shows how one component is separated from binary liquid mixture in the form of solid using freeze crystallization with considering other important factors too. For the industrial or waste streams containing moderate to higher salt or acid concentrations, Eutectic Freeze Crystallization (EFC) is a very promising technology for perfect separation.

 

Keywords: Eutectic freeze crystallization, Solid-liquid equilibrium, energy consumption.

 

 

 

 

A Review: Effect of emulsifier and oil phase volume fraction on the cumin oil in water emulsion

 

Madhuri Modha,Prof. D. D. Mandaliya.

Special Issue Azeotrope'14 - Volume: I , Issue: II

Publication Year: 2014 , Page(s): 35-38

 

Abstract: Emulsifier is an most important component to make a more stable emulsion. Emulsion is a blend of two immiscible liquids with the droplet of dispersed phase distributed in the other continuous phase. Emulsifier is a third component of the emulsion. Emulsifier reduces the surface tension or interfacial tension so we make the more stable emulsion. There is also oil phase volume fraction also affect the stability of the emulsion. Cumin essential oil is extracted from Cuminum cyminum of the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family and is also known as cumin seeds. It has a spicy and very penetrating smell. That cumin oil is extracted by the supercritical extraction which is highly expensive. The main chemical components of cumin oil are cuminic, cymene, dipentene, limonene, phellandrene and pinene. Cumin oil is use in the digestive system, nervous system also use in the aromatherapy and flavouring agent in the food industries. Directly use of cumin is so expensive. In this paper we are going to discuses about emulsifier and oil phase volume faction effect on emulsion.

 

Keywords: cumin, cumin oil, emulsifier, stability of emulsion.

 

 

 

 

 

Decolourization of Waste Water by Electro-Coagulation Process

 

Patel Bharat R.,Goswami Ronak S.,Bhagat Foram D.,Rana Nainesh A.,Prof. Nareshkumar R. Vaghela.

Special Issue Azeotrope'14 - Volume: I , Issue: II

Publication Year: 2014 , Page(s): 39-43

 

Abstract: We assign the project about decolorization of waste water. This work incorporates the study of decolorization of waste water using Electro coagulation process. Waste water contains high color, suspended solids (SS), pH, temperature, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD)[26], and low biodegradability. The major problem which is facing in the industries now days are that they cannot discharge colored water directly into the streams and rivers because it causes several problems. The purpose of this project is to investigate the effects of the operating parameters [27], such as pH, treatment time, and COD removal from synthetic water sample. In this project work, the electro coagulation process using appropriate electrodes has been used to decolorize wastewater. Through electro coagulation process the contaminants are removed which are impossible to remove through filtrations & other chemical process.[27]

 

Key Words: Decolorization, Electro coagulation.

 

 

 

 

Design, Simulation and Optimization of Air Cooler

 

Sneha Jingar,Prof. S. B. Thakore.

Special Issue Azeotrope'14 - Volume: I , Issue: II

Publication Year: 2014 , Page(s): 44-46

 

Abstract: Air-cooled heat exchanger is a device for rejecting heat from a fluid or gas directly to ambient air. Cooling water is widely used in Industries in many cases. The air-cooler provides a means of transferring the heat from the fluid into the air, with less environmental concern and treatmentcost. The most common type of air cooler is the horizontal coil with horizontal fan and vertical air flow. Advantages of air cooler heat exchangers are reduced electrical cost and effluent treatment cost. With air cooling fouling or scaling formation does not take place. For all applications of the air heat exchangers, worst condition or design condition is different. 1. If atmospheric air is used as cooling medium then for the design calculation the maximum the maximum possible temperature of ambient air in the entire year must be considered 2. If air is heated by saturated steam to get the hot air for dryer, then for the design calculations minimum possible temperature of ambient air in the entire year must be considered. 3. When atmospheric air is cooled to lower temperature (say to 14oC) by chilled water, then sizeable percentage of heat duty is utilized in the condensation of water vapor which is always present in atmospheric air with the maximum possible absolute humidity (and with corresponding temperature ) must be considered. This paper focuses on design and simulation of air cooler with the outlet temperature of process fluid to that with flow rate of air. The only requirement is that the process fluid stream should be cooled up to 75oI. INTRODUCTION C. Scilab programming is used for the Thermal Design of Air Cooler. The data generated from Scilab and that from the HTRI software will be compared for accuracy. Optimization of air cooler decreases the operating cost. Simulation of Process fluid outlet temperature to that with flow rate of air for different seasons will also be discussed.

 

Key words: Heat exchanger, ambient air, condenser, distillation column, humidity.